T7 Tag Peptide and LO are members of the lipoxygenase

5- and 12/15-LO are members of the lipoxygenase family that convert arachidonic T7 Tag Peptide into lipid mediators such as leukotriene B4 (LTB) and 12()-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and 15()-HETE, respectively. Evidence from several in vitro and in vivo studies has shown that activation of the 5- and 12/15-LO pathways is important in inflammation and, by extension, in inflammatory diseases , , , , , . Moreover, the activation of these pathways has been linked to increases in intracellular oxidative stress , . In rodent models in which genes for 5- and 12/15-LO were either disrupted or overexpressed and using inhibitors specific for the pathways, the 5- and 12/15-LO pathways have been implicated in a number of pathological conditions including heart failure, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and f-ALS , , , , , , , , , , , . In addition, the 12/15-LO pathway metabolite 15()-HETE has been shown to increase proteolytic degradation in cultured myotubes by activating the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), suggesting that activation of the 12/15-LO pathway may potentially play a role in skeletal muscle atrophy . However, no such evidence exists in vivo. Moreover, the role of the 5-LO pathway in skeletal muscle biology also remains unknown.
Introduction Asthma is a chronic medical condition which affects millions of people across the globe. Asthma is characterized by the inflammation of the airway and bronchoconstriction with symptoms like wheezing, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, and breathlessness[1]. The people afflicted with this kind of disease are more sensitive to certain stimuli. Environmental and genetic factors may trigger asthma. Environmental factors can be allergens, respiratory and viral infections, diet, hygiene, and air pollution. The genetic factor may determine not only the cause of asthma but may also the cause of the severity of the said disease. Together with the environmental factors, asthma poses a great threat to numerous people[2]. Asthma can be treated by bronchodilator therapy and controller therapy depending on the type and severity of asthma[3]. One drug therapy for asthma and other related inflammatory diseases is the use of leukotriene antagonists. Leukotriene is one of the classes of products of the oxidative pathway of metabolism of the arachidonic acid[4]. It has an essential function in the manifestations of asthma and other nasal allergies by initiating the receptors in the inflammatory cells[5]. The metabolism of arachidonic acid provides potent proinflammatory and hypersensitivity mediators for a number of bronchial diseases such as asthma. These mediators are catalysed by the lipoxygenase enzyme family[6,7]. There are three classes of enzyme that specifically catalyses arachidonic acid in mammals: the 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase[6–8]. They are expressed in different tissues including liver, kidney and adipose tissues[9]. Inhibition of soybean 15-lipoxygenase is generally regarded as predictive inhibition of the mammalian enzyme[10–12]. Several works have been done to look for new anti-inflammatory compounds. A number of synthetic compounds have been evaluated for their 15-lipoxygenase inhibitory action[13–18]. A limited number of studies have been carried out regarding the 15-lipoxygenase inhibition of plant extracts. Acetone and polar lipid fractions of pumpkin seeds were found to inhibit soybean lipoxygenase[19]. Friedelin isolated from the bark of Commiphora berryi inhibited soybean lipoxygenase with an IC50 of 35.8 μmol/L[20]. Cassia alata extract was found to inhibit lipoxygenase with an IC50 of 90.2 μg/mL[21]. Guava leaf extracts inhibited the catalytic activity of a leucocyte-type 12 lipoxygenase[22]. Kushecarpin A from Zizyphus oxyphylla and isolates from Desmos cochinchinensis have been shown to suppress lipoxygenase[23,24]. The Commelinaceae family which is a medicinal herb has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, febrifungal and diuretic properties[25]. This study aims to evaluate the bioactivity against 15-lipoxygenase of three different species under the Commelinacea family, namely, Commelina benghalensis (C. benghalensis), Tradescantia fluminensis (T. fluminensis) and Tradescantia zebrina (T. zebrina).