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    • In summary we have provided evidence that TA a novel

    2021-11-19

    In summary, we have provided evidence that TA, a novel HATi, inhibits the acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins and activation of the mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes both in vitro and in vivo (Figure 8), indicating that inhibition of HAT activity by TA is necessary for the prevention of NAFLD. Nevertheless, despite our growing awareness of the value of TA as a phytochemical, issues regarding its practical application remain to be addressed. In this regard, the present study can be considered to have certain limitations. First, notably, we have not provided an explanation for the nuclear-specific effects of TA. TA rarely penetrates the plasma membranes of intact cells, but here we should emphasize that TA enters previously injured TNF-alpha, recombinant murine protein only through the damaged portions of the cell membrane [68]. Accordingly, to explain the nuclear-specific effects of TA, it would be possible to envisage a scenario whereby TA penetrates membranes damaged by WD-induced excessive oxidative stress [69], [70] and thereafter forms a complex with p300 in cytoplasm, and this complex is subsequently translocated to the nucleus. In this regard, a recent study has shown the translocation of p300 from the cytoplasm to nucleus via activation of the RhoA-Akt axis pathway, which is closely associated with lipid metabolism [71]. Second, although cytotoxicity was not observed at the concentrations used in our in vivo and in vitro studies, it is conceivable that the concentrations of TA used in the present study lack physiological relevance. Lastly, we did not elucidate the causes that induce discordance between food intake and weight gain in the mice fed TA-containing diet, although the possibility was addressed based on the previous reports showing the same result with our study. However, it is important to determine the energy where is being absorbed and expended metabolically. Given the importance of the aforementioned limitations of this study, further relevant in-depth studies should be conducted.
    Author contributions
    Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Main Research Program (E-0150301) of the Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning.
    Introduction Males absent on the first (MOF) encoded by KAT8 is a member of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs). MOF is responsible for acetylating histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16), which is required for maintaining active chromatin state. Drosophila MOF is a central component of male specific lethal (MSL) complex required for dosage compensation [1,2]. Meanwhile human MOF is a component TNF-alpha, recombinant murine protein of MLL1-WDR5 complex [3]. MOF participates in various critical cellular functions such as cellular stress response, cell cycle progression, response to DNA repair and autophagy [4,5]. It has also been demonstrated that MOF exerts suppression or promotion function in different human tumors. MOF is frequently lowly expressed in several types of solid tumors, such as ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer [6]. MOF suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth through regulating SIRT6 expression [7]. Acetylation of histone demethylase LSD1 by MOF suppresses EMT and tumor progression [8]. MOF acetylates tumor suppressor p53 to regulate apoptosis inductions [9]. On the other hand, MOF has been reported to be involved in promoting lung cancer process [10]. However, the functional specificity of MOF action in endometrial cancer (ECa) still need to be further defined. ECa are common gyaecological malignancy, which are classified into two types on the basis of biological and histopathological variables. Clinically, approximately 80% of ECa are type I, which is generally well-differentiated, endometrioid histology and associated with a history of unopposed estrogen exposure and other hyperestrogenic risk factors [11,12]. The estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation and homeostasis in many hormone-related tissues, including endometrium. It has been reported that lack of ERα expression associated with higher grade in advanced stage disease results in poor prognosis in ECa patients [13,14]. High ERα expression is associated with longer disease-free survival, and lack of ERα is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and PI3K alteration in ECa [[15], [16], [17]]. These studies indicate that ERα action is crucial and complicated in ECa development and progression. The mechanisms underlying the reduced expression of ERα in higher grade ECa remains to be clarified.