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  • The third group also included samples belonging

    2021-11-19

    The third group also included samples belonging to subjects with undetectable viraemia, for which the negative or persistence of the indeterminate WB result in subsequent samples indicated a non-HIV infection. In this subgroup, the VITROS HIV Combo test (as well as the other two tests) was negative in most cases. Moreover, it has been reported in the literature that if samples negative for screening were tested for WB, single bands (indeterminate result) can be found in 20 to 40% of cases [34,35]. Therefore, for these indeterminate WBs, a cross reaction with endogenous retroviruses [32] can be hypothesized. In only a few cases in this subgroup was the VITROS HIV Combo reactive, but in concordance with one or both of the other comparative tests. The concordance with the other systems in this third group, given the heterogeneity of the samples ranges from 96.6 to 100%, but if all three groups in the study are considered, the overall agreement is exceeding 99%.
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    Author Contributions
    Introduction Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms. This inflammation results in a progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with periodontal pocket formation, gingival recession or both. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis in the general population is approximately 30%. Severe generalized periodontitis is present in 5–15% of the population worldwide and is considered a major cause of tooth loss.2, 3, 4 Moreover, periodontitis is linked to an increased risk of age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, auto-immune diseases and diabetes mellitus. Periodontitis is strongly associated with Manumycin A infection.6, 7, 8 Patients with HIV infection who already have periodontitis appear to have a higher risk of aggravation of their periodontitis.– The exact role of HIV infection in the progression of periodontitis is, however, not yet clear.10, 11 HIV infected patients are also at higher risk of developing age-related diseases. It is unknown whether an interaction between HIV infection and periodontitis increases this risk. Prevalence of periodontitis in HIV infected patients before the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) ranges from 51% in a British study to 62% in a study in the USA.13, 14 After the introduction of cART, the reported prevalence of periodontitis in HIV infected patients varied even more widely. For instance, in a study in India among 130 HIV infected patients, a prevalence of periodontitis of 20% was found while a very small study (n = 29) in Brazil reported a prevalence of 86%. This variation can be explained by the different definitions used in the studies,17, 18 differences in social and economic status as well as the availability of dental care and oral care awareness and the attitudes of dental practitioners. Nowadays, HIV infection has become a chronic disease with a nearly normal life expectancy. Mortality of HIV infected patients mainly results from non-HIV associated age-related diseases. Therefore, the emphasis of HIV treatment and management has shifted towards prevention of cardiovascular disease and lifestyle interventions and includes early initiation of cART regimens with the fewest metabolic adverse effects. Data on the current prevalence and severity of periodontitis in HIV infected patients in resource-rich settings is lacking. As dental care is currently not an integrated part of HIV treatment, knowledge on the prevalence of periodontitis, its sequelae (tooth loss, and potential induction of cardiovascular disease) and modifiable risk factors could have a significant impact on oral and overall health of HIV infected patients.
    Patients and methods
    Results Of the 731 patients registered with HIV 1 infection at our outpatient clinic, 471 patients visited the clinic between May and December 2015 for a routine appointment. Of these 471 patients, a total of 258 patients were included (Fig. 1; Tables 1 and 2). No significant differences in gender, age, smoking, prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases were detected between the group of patients with HIV infection included in this study and the group of all registered HIV patients of the Department. Thus, the included group of patients with HIV infection was a representative subgroup of all registered 731 registered patients with HIV in Groningen (Table 3).