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    • Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus GDM is one

    2021-11-20

    Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications associated with pregnancy [1]. Approximately 7.6% of pregnancies in the United States are complicated by GDM [2,3], which significantly increases the mother's risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) later in life [4] and poses a great threat to fetal and maternal safety during pregnancy [[5], [6], [7]]. Etiology of GDM remains unclear. Studies have shown a close relationship between GDM and lipid metabolism disorders [8,9]. Changes in the conditions of hyperlipidaemia may contribute to the development of GDM [10]. G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), also known as free fatty DAPI hydrochloride receptor 4, is a specific receptor for long-chain fatty acids [[11], [12], [13]]. GPR120 plays a critical role in adipogenesis and energy metabolism in the adipose tissue, and also participates in the development of various diseases [[14], [15], [16]]. GPR120 agonists have potent therapeutic effects on metabolic syndrome [17]. In recent decades, many studies have demonstrated the important role played by fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in lipid metabolism [[18], [19], [20]]. FGF21 is a potential diagnostic factor for patients with GDM [21]. Its level may be influenced by both GDM and physiological status during pregnancy [19,22]. GPR120 activation induces brown and beige adipocytes to release FGF21 and increase blood FGF21 levels [23].
    Materials and methods
    Results
    Discussion Although GDM poses a great threat to foetal and maternal safety during pregnancy [1], knowledge of its pathogenesis remains limited. It is well known that GPR120 protects people from obesity and type II diabetes [15,16], but its role in GDM remains to be fully elucidated. Our data show that lipid metabolism disorders occur in patients with GDM. However, at the 32nd week of pregnancy, the lipid metabolism in 55% of the patients with GDM was similar as that in the normal subjects (Fig. 1C group A). We also found that the mRNA levels of GPR120 in these GDM patients were higher. The reason for this phenomenon may be related to the upregulated expression of GPR120, which protects people from lipid disorders. The GPR120 expression level continued to increase during pregnancy, lipid profile was nevertheless altered in GDM patients, suggesting these patients may develop GPR120 insensitivity. GPR120 agonists may have therapeutic value for GDM patients. Overall the level of lipids tend to increase in GDM patients whereas decrease in control subjects during pregnancy (Fig. 1C–E) which correlates well with GPR120 expression (Fig. 2).
    Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFD0400200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31471128 and 31771539), Key Research and Development Program (Social Development) of Jiangsu Province (BE2018624), and National First-class Discipline Program of Food Science and Technology (JUFSTR20180101).
    Introduction Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is characterized by hepatic inflammation that can progress to cholestasis and end-stage liver disease in parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent patients. The standard of care in patients who require PN includes the administration of a soybean oil intravenous lipid emulsion (SOLE) as a source of fat and essential fatty acids. In patients who develop IFALD, transition from SOLE to fish oil intravenous lipid emulsions (FOLE) can reverse acute hepatic injury and stop the progression of liver disease [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. FOLE has also been shown to prevent PN-induced liver injury in animal models [6], [7]. However, the mechanisms by which FOLE protects the liver remain incompletely understood. FOLE contains an abundance of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. These essential fatty acids and their metabolites have important roles in modulating metabolism, the coagulation cascade, and the inflammatory response [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. The G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) binds to long-chain fatty acids, with a particular affinity for omega-3 fatty acids (hence its alternative name, free fatty acid receptor or FFAR-4). GPR120 is expressed on the surface of adipocytes and macrophages, including hepatic Kupffer cells [13]. It has been shown that the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids are mediated in part through GPR120 signaling [14]. A GPR120-dependent insulin-sensitizing effect of omega-3 fatty acids has also been demonstrated [14], [15], [16], [17].